-Definitions-

DEFINITIONS

Aesthetics - (also spelled æsthetics or esthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

Aesthetics are related to the world because it is what attracts people to things possibly making things more important than others.

Safety - the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions; "insure the safety of the children"; "the reciprocal of safety is risk" a safe place; "He ran to safety"

Safety related to the world because without it injuries and deaths would be present almost anywhere. It is what measures are put in place to keep us healthy and well.

Slums - a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security

Slums relate to the world because it is where many people live and show lucky people like us how lucky we really are to be living where we are living.

Decay - the process of gradually becoming inferior, rotting.

Decaying is a natural process in life. Everything decays eventually and is then put into a cycle.

Reconstruction and renewal - the activity of constructing something again

This relates to the world because its a matter of maintaing things and keeping them functional so people can continue to use something safely.

 Transport - connveyance: something that serves as a means of transportation

Transport is important and relates to the world because everyone moves from point a to b and some use better methods of travelling that distance.

Suburbanisation - a term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. It is one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl.

Relates to life and the world because it is a mean of habitat for humans and a place where we can have a community and interact with eachother.

Environmental factors - are those determinants of disease that are not transmitted genetically. In more basic terms, an environmental factor is a caused, aided, or triggered by the environment.

These factors relate to the world becasue they are everywhere and truly determine ewhther we can do something or not.

Light and Sound - Two things that startle the sense of sight and hearing.

Without light and sound there would be no nature. We would not be able to see the beauty of nature or hear the sounds of nature. The world would be nothing since we need life to live.

7.3

                                  STUARTS POINT QUESTIONS

1. Stuarts point stabilisation area is a small coastal village located on the mid north coast of NSW. The dune are is 5 kilometres long with a width of 200-400 metres.

2. 1970- The scheme started
    1893- A large flood caused the macleay river to break through the sand barrier at        southwest rocks.
    1965- Native plant seedlings were provided aswell as planting advice.
    1970- Re vegetation started planting into the dunes in an effort to stabillise them.

3. The role of the community was to conserve the barrier and look after the soil. They needed to check up with associations to get appropiate advice.

4. The sand barrier is important to the local community of Stuarts point because they need the barrier to protect house and other man man features from sea water rising.

5.  Plants go from small to larger as you get further away from the sea in the order of Primary species, Secondary species and Tertiary Species. Incipient dune protects the fore dune which together protect the Hind dune where non salt surviving plants can grow.

6. The vegetation is the sand dunes are there to support the sand dune and give it structure so it doesnt just bolow away in the wind. Sand dune has a pair but of roots within it.

7.  Cattle grazing was very bad for the dunes as it would just continue to destroy the sand drift control.

8. If the grazing continued then the incipent dune would be destroyed which will lead to the dissapearance of the rest of the dune resulting in huge losses of habitat for animals and loss of the dune.

9.  The groups involved are the Soil Conservation service of NSW, the Macleay Shire Council, The department of public works, The Department of Lands.

10.  First- The used a tractor to build a 1.8 metre foredune.
      Second- Planting trees along the riverbank for more land support.
      Third- Plant fast growing species.
12. The water just destoryed the entire area.
13. a. The sand dunes were succesfully restabilised and created.
      b. The Macleay River was protected now nad was very succesful.
      c. Now the area was stable and benefitting groups had no problems.
     

7.6

Tweed River 7.6
The role of the local community in managing the Sand dune area is to conserve the barrier and to look after the soil. They must also check up with the soil conservation service of NSW for any advice and assistance in managing the coastal dunes.

The sand barrier is important to the local community of Stuarts point because they need the barrier so their tourism and fishing industries can survive, they also need the barrier for protection of their homes.

There is primary, secondary and Tertiary species of plants on a sand dune, grassers and creepers belong to the Primary species, shrubs and short-lived trees live in the secondary species and Long-lived trees live in the Tertiary species.

Vegetation is vital in stabilising a sand dune system because the vegetation acts as a shield for sand that stops wind erosion from occuring. The plants also act as a shelter for beach animals to live in.

Cattle grazing, caused the plants that inhabited the beach to be taken/eaten away and therefore the sand had no protection from the wind and therefore the sand dunes were eroded by wind erosion.

The sand dune area would have decreased in size after the action of cattle grazing. The geographical processes that would have been altered as a result of cattle grazing were Longshore drift and sand migration would have occured.The groups involved in the rehabilitation program were the Department of Land, the Department of Public Works, the Macleay Shire council, and the soil conservation service of New South Wales were established in the aim to stabilise the Dune systems.
The stages involved in the managment program undertaken to re-establish the coastal vegetation were: Build a samll fordune 1.8 metres high, a dune-forming fence constructed to help trap wind-blown sand and establish the foredune, foredune then stabilised by spinifex and miram grass.





The Tweed River entrace Sand bypassing project, located in Tweed Heads, NSW. The government transported sand to the tweed river beach and dredged the beach. They extended the breakwaters so longshore drift did not clog up the southern side of the beach.

TRESB Project

                                                    TRESB PROJECT

1. The project started maiunly because of the tweed river and its problems such as the breakwaters impacting on the beaches. They dredged the mouth of the tweed river, the river was affecting the beaches.
2. They dredged the mouth of the tweed river and used the sand for beach nourishment which in turn stopped the issues of breakwaters impacting on the beach. They basically built  a large wall that stops the water from washing through the beach.
3. The project was extremely effective and the beaches were restored to their normal size if not larger. The areas that were affected were Duranbah Beach, Rainbow Bay, Greenmount Beach, Coolangatta Beach.

Vocab

VOCAB

constructive waves- small low-energy waves that deposit sand onto beaches
corrasion- occurs when waves crash over rock shelves and more rock and other material helping to erode the rock shelf away
corrosion- the action of salt on minerals like iron that are contained in rock, weakening the rock an making it more susceptible to erosion
deposition- the depositing of sand and rock particles caused by wind and wave action forming features such as beaches
destructive waves- large waves formed by tropical cyclones and storms that erode material from beaches
erosion- the removal of rock and sand particles as a result of wind and wave action fetch- the distance that wind travels over the ocean to form wavesforedune- the closest dune to the ocean or the first dune in a sand dune system
hydraulic action- where waves enter cracks in rocks, air is compressed by the force of the water causing erosion and forming features such as blow holes
longshore drift- the process, caused by waves hitting the coast at an angle, that is responsible for moving sand along the coast
refraction- the bending of waves around headlands
surf and swash zone- the active part of the coast in terms of erosion and deposition of sand by wave action; the surf zone is immediately adjacent to the coast and the swash zone is at the shore once the waves have broken.
vegetation succession- the natural progression of vegetation from low-lying, salt-tolerant plants on the foredune, through to shrubs and established trees on the hind dunes.
wave height- the vertical distance between the trough and the peak of a wave wavelength- the horizontal distance between wave peaks7.1breakwaters- a protective structure of stone or concrete; extends from shore into the water to prevent a beach from washing away 
faecal coliform- a common pollutant in water
silting - Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of a grain size between sand and clay
tidal flushing - action of saltwater entering an estuary twice a day during the high tides

7.2
ground swell - a broad and deep undulation of the ocean
plunging waves - Plunging waves may occur mainly at low tide when the water on sandbanks is shallow, which means there is less water on which the waves can break.
spilling waves - Spilling waves occur when the crest tumbles down the front or face.
surging waves - A surging wave occurs where the sea is relatively deep until into the near-shore zone.
wind swell - waves generated by local winds

7.3
aeolian - A term applied to wind erosion or deposition of surface materials.
spinifex - A grass which grows in large, distinctive clumps or hummocks in the driest areas of central and western Australia.7.4
dredging - Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.erosion-accretion cycle
groynes - Fixed structures extending out from the seawall used to control erosion or promote deposition.
revegetation - is the process of replanting and rebuilding the soil of disturbed land
sea walls - aim to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier which reflects wave energy

7.7
environmental impact study - is an assessment of the possible impact--positive or negative--that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects.
impact assessment - is "a process aimed at structuring and supporting the development of policies. It identifies and assesses the problem at stake and the objectives pursued. 7.8
bitou bush - is an evergreen flowering shrub with glossy round leaves in the Asteraceae
marram grass -  a species of grass that is tolerant of dry, sand dune environments
noxious weed -  A weed specified by law as being especially undesirable, troublesome and difficult to control7.9
anemometer - a gauge for recording the speed and direction of wind
hygrometer - measuring instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere

Belharra, The Beast of France

BELHARRA

The Beast Of France

The Wave: Belharra, aka Mammouth 

Where is the wave: Off the coast of Saint Jean-de-Luz, Basque Country, France

When is the wave: Hit headlines in 2003, but known by locals for well over 10 years beforehand.

Stats: Starts breaking at 12ft, can reach heights of 60ft+.

Lying approximately 2km of the coast of Saint Jean-de-Luz in the French Basque Country lies the titan wave Belharra. Accessible only by boat or jetski, this rock-reef break only raises its head a handful of times a year- but what a day it is when it does.

Belharra (literally meaning “grass” or “seaweed” in the Basque language) is a relatively recent discovery in the bigwave surfing world.  You may have come across it in the surf film “The Billabong Odyssey” back in 2003 and since then it has grown in popularity to be considered as one of the best tow-in surf spots in Europe.  Its power, speed and shear brute force have the pros and adrenaline fiends clamoring to take it on.

 

The wave is generated by huge storms out in the Atlantic which bombard the south western coast of France usually during the winter months.  Belharra is created by massive swells hitting the rock reef approximately 15ft below sea level when it's low tide.  The rock shelf forces the enormous swells up into an explosive breaking wave, which produces the roaring fast moving wave faces that big wave riders live for.

 

Belharra provides both lefts and rights to be ridden, and is strictly for those who know what they are doing.  If you get this one wrong, then you can be looking at quite a hold down underneath its foamy surface, and the danger of being pushed down onto the sharp rock reef sea floor.